damjan_savicandClaude Opus 4.5
43484c5023
- Add 100 blog posts covering AI, development, and tech topics - Add .env.example for environment configuration - Add accessibility and lighthouse audit scripts - Remove obsolete SEO reports and temporary files - Remove dev-dist build artifacts and backup files - Remove unused portrait images (moved/consolidated elsewhere) - Update contact form and component improvements Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
560 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
560 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
# Authentication Patterns für moderne Apps
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**Meta-Description:** Moderne Authentication Patterns. JWT, Session Auth, OAuth 2.0, Passkeys und Auth.js Integration für Next.js.
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**Keywords:** Authentication, JWT, OAuth, Passkeys, Session Auth, Auth.js, NextAuth, Security, OIDC
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---
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## Einführung
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Authentication ist die erste Verteidigungslinie jeder Anwendung. 2026 stehen mehrere Patterns zur Verfügung: **JWT, Sessions, OAuth, Passkeys** – jedes mit eigenen Trade-offs für Security und UX.
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---
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## Auth Patterns Overview
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```
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ AUTHENTICATION PATTERNS │
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├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ │
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│ Session-Based (Stateful): │
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│ ├── Server speichert Session │
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│ ├── Cookie mit Session ID │
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│ ├── Einfach zu invalidieren │
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│ └── Best for: Traditional Web Apps │
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│ │
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│ JWT (Stateless): │
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│ ├── Self-contained Token │
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│ ├── Keine Server-Speicherung │
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│ ├── Schwer zu invalidieren │
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│ └── Best for: APIs, Microservices │
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│ │
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│ OAuth 2.0 / OIDC: │
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│ ├── Delegierte Authentifizierung │
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│ ├── Google, GitHub, etc. │
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│ ├── Refresh Token Flow │
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│ └── Best for: Social Login │
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│ │
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│ Passkeys (WebAuthn): │
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│ ├── Passwordless │
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│ ├── Biometric/Device-based │
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│ ├── Phishing-resistant │
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│ └── Best for: High Security, Modern UX │
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│ │
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└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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---
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## Auth.js (NextAuth) v5 Setup
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```bash
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npm install next-auth@beta
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```
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```typescript
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// auth.ts
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import NextAuth from 'next-auth';
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import GitHub from 'next-auth/providers/github';
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import Google from 'next-auth/providers/google';
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import Credentials from 'next-auth/providers/credentials';
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import { PrismaAdapter } from '@auth/prisma-adapter';
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import { prisma } from '@/lib/prisma';
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import { z } from 'zod';
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import bcrypt from 'bcryptjs';
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export const { handlers, signIn, signOut, auth } = NextAuth({
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adapter: PrismaAdapter(prisma),
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providers: [
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GitHub({
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clientId: process.env.GITHUB_ID!,
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clientSecret: process.env.GITHUB_SECRET!
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}),
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Google({
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clientId: process.env.GOOGLE_ID!,
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clientSecret: process.env.GOOGLE_SECRET!
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}),
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Credentials({
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credentials: {
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email: { label: 'Email', type: 'email' },
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password: { label: 'Password', type: 'password' }
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},
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async authorize(credentials) {
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const parsed = z.object({
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email: z.string().email(),
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password: z.string().min(8)
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}).safeParse(credentials);
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if (!parsed.success) return null;
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const user = await prisma.user.findUnique({
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where: { email: parsed.data.email }
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});
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if (!user?.password) return null;
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const valid = await bcrypt.compare(
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parsed.data.password,
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user.password
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);
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if (!valid) return null;
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return {
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id: user.id,
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email: user.email,
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name: user.name
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};
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}
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})
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],
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session: {
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strategy: 'jwt' // oder 'database'
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},
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callbacks: {
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async jwt({ token, user }) {
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if (user) {
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token.id = user.id;
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token.role = user.role;
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}
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return token;
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},
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async session({ session, token }) {
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session.user.id = token.id as string;
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session.user.role = token.role as string;
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return session;
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}
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},
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pages: {
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signIn: '/login',
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error: '/login'
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}
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});
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```
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```typescript
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// app/api/auth/[...nextauth]/route.ts
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import { handlers } from '@/auth';
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export const { GET, POST } = handlers;
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// middleware.ts
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import { auth } from '@/auth';
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export default auth((req) => {
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if (!req.auth && req.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) {
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return Response.redirect(new URL('/login', req.nextUrl));
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}
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});
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export const config = {
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matcher: ['/dashboard/:path*', '/api/protected/:path*']
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};
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```
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---
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## JWT Implementation (Custom)
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```typescript
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// lib/jwt.ts
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import { SignJWT, jwtVerify } from 'jose';
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const secret = new TextEncoder().encode(process.env.JWT_SECRET!);
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interface TokenPayload {
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userId: string;
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email: string;
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role: string;
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}
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// Access Token (kurze Lebenszeit)
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export async function createAccessToken(payload: TokenPayload) {
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return new SignJWT(payload)
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.setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })
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.setIssuedAt()
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.setExpirationTime('15m') // 15 Minuten
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.sign(secret);
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}
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// Refresh Token (lange Lebenszeit)
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export async function createRefreshToken(userId: string) {
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return new SignJWT({ userId })
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.setProtectedHeader({ alg: 'HS256' })
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.setIssuedAt()
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.setExpirationTime('7d') // 7 Tage
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.sign(secret);
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}
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export async function verifyToken(token: string) {
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try {
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const { payload } = await jwtVerify(token, secret);
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return payload as TokenPayload & { exp: number };
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} catch {
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return null;
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}
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}
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// Token Rotation Pattern
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export async function refreshTokens(refreshToken: string) {
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const payload = await verifyToken(refreshToken);
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if (!payload) throw new Error('Invalid refresh token');
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// Optional: Refresh Token im DB invalidieren (Rotation)
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await db.refreshToken.delete({
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where: { token: refreshToken }
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});
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const user = await db.user.findUnique({
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where: { id: payload.userId }
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});
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if (!user) throw new Error('User not found');
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const newAccessToken = await createAccessToken({
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userId: user.id,
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email: user.email,
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role: user.role
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});
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const newRefreshToken = await createRefreshToken(user.id);
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// Neuen Refresh Token speichern
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await db.refreshToken.create({
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data: {
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token: newRefreshToken,
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userId: user.id,
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expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)
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}
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});
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return { accessToken: newAccessToken, refreshToken: newRefreshToken };
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}
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```
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---
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## Passkeys (WebAuthn)
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```typescript
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// lib/passkeys.ts
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import {
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generateRegistrationOptions,
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verifyRegistrationResponse,
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generateAuthenticationOptions,
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verifyAuthenticationResponse
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} from '@simplewebauthn/server';
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const rpName = 'My App';
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const rpID = 'example.com';
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const origin = 'https://example.com';
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// Registration
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export async function startPasskeyRegistration(userId: string, email: string) {
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const existingCredentials = await db.credential.findMany({
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where: { userId }
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});
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const options = await generateRegistrationOptions({
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rpName,
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rpID,
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userID: userId,
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userName: email,
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attestationType: 'none',
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excludeCredentials: existingCredentials.map(c => ({
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id: c.credentialId,
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type: 'public-key'
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})),
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authenticatorSelection: {
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residentKey: 'preferred',
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userVerification: 'preferred'
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}
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});
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// Challenge speichern
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await db.user.update({
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where: { id: userId },
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data: { currentChallenge: options.challenge }
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});
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return options;
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}
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export async function finishPasskeyRegistration(
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userId: string,
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response: RegistrationResponseJSON
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) {
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const user = await db.user.findUnique({ where: { id: userId } });
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if (!user?.currentChallenge) throw new Error('No challenge');
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const verification = await verifyRegistrationResponse({
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response,
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expectedChallenge: user.currentChallenge,
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expectedOrigin: origin,
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expectedRPID: rpID
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});
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if (verification.verified && verification.registrationInfo) {
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await db.credential.create({
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data: {
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userId,
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credentialId: verification.registrationInfo.credentialID,
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publicKey: Buffer.from(verification.registrationInfo.credentialPublicKey),
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counter: verification.registrationInfo.counter
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}
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});
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}
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return verification.verified;
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}
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// Authentication
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export async function startPasskeyAuth(email: string) {
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const user = await db.user.findUnique({
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where: { email },
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include: { credentials: true }
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});
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if (!user) throw new Error('User not found');
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const options = await generateAuthenticationOptions({
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rpID,
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allowCredentials: user.credentials.map(c => ({
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id: c.credentialId,
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type: 'public-key'
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})),
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userVerification: 'preferred'
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});
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await db.user.update({
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where: { id: user.id },
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data: { currentChallenge: options.challenge }
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});
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return options;
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}
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export async function finishPasskeyAuth(
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email: string,
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response: AuthenticationResponseJSON
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) {
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const user = await db.user.findUnique({
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where: { email },
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include: { credentials: true }
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});
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if (!user?.currentChallenge) throw new Error('No challenge');
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const credential = user.credentials.find(
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c => c.credentialId === response.id
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);
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if (!credential) throw new Error('Unknown credential');
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const verification = await verifyAuthenticationResponse({
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response,
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expectedChallenge: user.currentChallenge,
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expectedOrigin: origin,
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expectedRPID: rpID,
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authenticator: {
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credentialID: credential.credentialId,
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credentialPublicKey: credential.publicKey,
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counter: credential.counter
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}
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});
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if (verification.verified) {
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// Counter updaten
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await db.credential.update({
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where: { id: credential.id },
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data: { counter: verification.authenticationInfo.newCounter }
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});
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return user;
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}
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throw new Error('Verification failed');
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}
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```
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```typescript
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// Client-Side (React)
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'use client';
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import { startRegistration, startAuthentication } from '@simplewebauthn/browser';
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function PasskeyLogin() {
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const handleRegister = async () => {
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const options = await fetch('/api/passkey/register/start', {
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method: 'POST'
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}).then(r => r.json());
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const result = await startRegistration(options);
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await fetch('/api/passkey/register/finish', {
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method: 'POST',
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body: JSON.stringify(result)
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});
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};
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const handleLogin = async () => {
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const options = await fetch('/api/passkey/login/start', {
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method: 'POST',
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body: JSON.stringify({ email })
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}).then(r => r.json());
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const result = await startAuthentication(options);
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await fetch('/api/passkey/login/finish', {
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method: 'POST',
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body: JSON.stringify(result)
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});
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};
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return (
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<div>
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<button onClick={handleRegister}>Register Passkey</button>
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<button onClick={handleLogin}>Login with Passkey</button>
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</div>
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);
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}
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```
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---
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## Magic Links
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```typescript
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// Magic Link / Email Auth
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import { Resend } from 'resend';
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import crypto from 'crypto';
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const resend = new Resend(process.env.RESEND_API_KEY);
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export async function sendMagicLink(email: string) {
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const token = crypto.randomBytes(32).toString('hex');
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const expires = new Date(Date.now() + 15 * 60 * 1000); // 15 min
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await db.verificationToken.create({
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data: {
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identifier: email,
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token: await hash(token),
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expires
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}
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});
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const url = `${process.env.NEXTAUTH_URL}/api/auth/verify?token=${token}&email=${email}`;
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await resend.emails.send({
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from: 'noreply@example.com',
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to: email,
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subject: 'Login to My App',
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html: `
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<p>Click the link below to sign in:</p>
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<a href="${url}">Sign in to My App</a>
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<p>This link expires in 15 minutes.</p>
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`
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});
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}
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export async function verifyMagicLink(token: string, email: string) {
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const storedToken = await db.verificationToken.findFirst({
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where: {
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identifier: email,
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expires: { gt: new Date() }
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}
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});
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if (!storedToken || !await verify(token, storedToken.token)) {
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throw new Error('Invalid or expired token');
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}
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await db.verificationToken.delete({
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where: { id: storedToken.id }
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});
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const user = await db.user.upsert({
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where: { email },
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update: { emailVerified: new Date() },
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create: { email, emailVerified: new Date() }
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});
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return user;
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}
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```
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---
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## Security Best Practices
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```typescript
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// 1. Password Hashing
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import bcrypt from 'bcryptjs';
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const SALT_ROUNDS = 12;
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export async function hashPassword(password: string) {
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return bcrypt.hash(password, SALT_ROUNDS);
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}
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// 2. CSRF Protection (automatisch bei Auth.js)
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// 3. Secure Cookie Settings
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const cookieOptions = {
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httpOnly: true,
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secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production',
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sameSite: 'lax' as const,
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path: '/',
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maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 // 7 Tage
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};
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// 4. Rate Limiting für Auth Endpoints
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// Siehe API Design Patterns Artikel
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// 5. Account Lockout
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async function checkLoginAttempts(email: string) {
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const attempts = await db.loginAttempt.count({
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where: {
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email,
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success: false,
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createdAt: { gt: new Date(Date.now() - 15 * 60 * 1000) }
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}
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});
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if (attempts >= 5) {
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throw new Error('Account temporarily locked. Try again later.');
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}
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}
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```
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---
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## Fazit
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Authentication 2026:
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1. **Auth.js v5**: Standard für Next.js
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2. **Passkeys**: Die Zukunft des Logins
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3. **JWT + Refresh**: Für APIs
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4. **MFA**: Immer aktivieren wenn möglich
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Wähle basierend auf Security-Anforderungen und UX.
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---
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## Bildprompts
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1. "Multiple authentication methods merging into single secure access, login concept"
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2. "Passkey biometric authentication on device, passwordless future"
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3. "Security layers protecting user identity, authentication shield"
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---
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## Quellen
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- [Auth.js Documentation](https://authjs.dev/)
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- [WebAuthn Guide](https://webauthn.guide/)
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- [SimpleWebAuthn](https://simplewebauthn.dev/)
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- [OWASP Authentication Cheatsheet](https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Authentication_Cheat_Sheet.html)
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